BraIn~

~The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell.

~Brains can be extremely complex. The cerebral cortex of the human brain contains roughly 15–33 billion neurons depending on gender and age,linked with up to 10,000 synaptic connections each. Each cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly one billion synapses. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body and target them to specific recipient cells.

~The most important biological function of the brain is to generate behaviors that promote the welfare of an animal. Brains control behavior either by activating muscles, or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones. Even single-celled organisms may be capable of extracting information from the environment and acting in response to it. Sponges, which lack a central nervous system, are capable of coordinated body contractions and even locomotion.In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself contains neural circuitry capable of generating reflex responses as well as simple motor patterns such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behavior on the basis of complex sensory input requires the information-integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.

~Despite rapid scientific progress, much about how brains work remains a mystery. The operations of individual neurons and synapses are now understood in considerable detail, but the way they cooperate in ensembles of thousands or millions has been very difficult to decipher. Methods of observation such as EEG recording and functional brain imaging tell us that brain operations are highly organized, but these methods do not have the resolution to reveal the activity of individual neurons.

H1N1

• Influenza A (H1N1) virus is a subtype of influenzavirus A and the most common cause of influenza (flu) in humans. Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a large fraction of all seasonal influenza. H1N1 strains caused roughly half of all human flu infections in 2006.Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in bird
  
• Influenza A virus strains are categorized according to two proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). All influenza A viruses contain hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, but the structures of these proteins differ from strain to strain, due to rapid genetic mutation in the viral genome.
  Influenza A virus strains are assigned an H number and an N number based on which forms of these two proteins the strain contains. There are 16 H and 9 N subtypes known in birds, but only H 1, 2 and 3, and N 1 and 2 are commonly found in humans.

• In the 2009 flu pandemic, the virus isolated from patients in the United States was found to be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses – North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe – "an unusually mongrelised mix of genetic sequences." This new strain appears to be a result of reassortment of human influenza and swine influenza viruses, in all four different strains of subtype H1N1.
  
• Preliminary genetic characterization found that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M) genes resembled versions present in European swine flu isolates. The six genes from American swine flu are themselves mixtures of swine flu, bird flu, and human flu viruses.While viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating in humans or pigs, there is no formal national surveillance system to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S.

• On June 11, 2009, the WHO declared an H1N1 pandemic, moving the alert level to phase 6, marking the first global pandemic since the 1968 Hong Kong flu.

how to BuilD waTEr RockEt

we're going to show you how to make a very simple water rocket. Now, what we've got here, pop bottle. This is basically our water rocket here. Now, well, how way a water rocket works is you put water in, and then you pressurize it. You pump air into it, and that's what this complicated apparatus here is for. we've built many different launchers over the years, but we've never been able to build one quite as nice as we was able to buy, at sciencekit.com. A wonderful little launcher here. The ah, stand is extra. The original launcher just has a pair of stakes you can hammer into the ground, and that works just as well. But if you're working on concrete or asphalt, the stand is essential. we've taken a second water bottle here and we cut the top in order to make it a little bit more aerodynamic. You can slide the top right on the top. Now, if you're really fancy, you can go ahead and add some fins on there. Some of our members built this wonderful one. It's got a recovery system, fins and everything. These fins are off an old bottle rocket that's seen better days, so we recycled them onto this rocket, and this works wonderfully, but we're going to keep it simple today. Now, in order to launch this, you gotta get a little bit of water in there. Put the plug with the valve in, invert it, now there are two keys here, two clamps, that hold it in. And then, there is a key that fits in to tightly hold this together, and we've got a pump here. As we pump air in, it pressurizes. Now that air wants to get out, but there's a fair amount of water in the way, so when we pull this pin out outdoors, it's going to push the water out of the bottom of the rocket. Now, Newton says every action has an equal opposite reaction, so the force pushed out of the bottom of the rocket is going to push the rest of the rocket up and that's how every rocket works. Our model rocket uses chemical energy to do that. This, we're just pressurizing. We're putting air in here which will push the water out the bottom and push the rocket up. Let's head outside and launch this. We're ready to launch the water rocket. Five, four, three, two, one! And that's how you launch a water rocket

LoOkiNg inTo sPAcE!!

For thousands of years, people have been fascinated by the twinkling lights they saw in the night sky.Through the ages, astronomers studied the stars and planets and charted their movements. In time, they learned how to biuld instruments to look at the stars and to mark their positions. As they learned more about the stars and planets, their discoveries changed people's ideas about the earth and its place in the whole Universe.

FIRST TELESCOPE

The Italian Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was the first astronomer to use telescope to study the stars and planets. His observation showed that the Earth was not at the center of the

Universe.

ARMILLARY SPHERE

Astronomers in Ancient China used armillary spheres to study the Moon and stars. As the moon shines through the rings of the sphere, its position can be marked in the sky.

COPERNICUS'S THEORY

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a polish astronomer.in his day,the Christian Church taugth that the Earth had been created at the center of the Universe. However,Copernicus believed that the Earth and planets moved around the sun.

introducTion SpaCe

Our planet, Earth, is just a speck in the vast, black ocean of space.We have"neighbours": our Sun, Our moon, our fellow planets, and the flaming comets that race across our sky.But beyond are giant galaxies filled with billions of star.

With space probes and amazing instruments, scientists are peering ever farther into the distance, and learning ever more about the nearer, twinkling spot we can see on a clear night. Will they ever find out where the mysterious darkness ends??????????

ScieNce

Science is knowledge. Our word science come from an old latin word scientia which mean " to know"

Knowledge become scientific when facts are collected and organized in a way that show how they are related. Scientists use knowledge aboute this relationship to discover rule explaining how and why things happen. Thats knowledge is very powerful. once we know how and why things happen, we can try to change it.